There are a variety of approaches to studying topography. Identifying (naming) features, and recognizing typical landform patterns are also part of the field.Ī topographic study may be made for a variety of reasons: military planning and geological exploration have been primary motivators to start survey programs, but detailed information about terrain and surface features is essential for the planning and construction of any major civil engineering, public works, or reclamation projects. In the 20th century, the term topography started to be used to describe surface description in other fields where mapping in a broader sense is used, particularly in medical fields such as neurology.Īn objective of topography is to determine the position of any feature or more generally any point in terms of both a horizontal coordinate system such as latitude, longitude, and altitude. Geological Survey in 1878, the term topographical remained as a general term for detailed surveys and mapping programs, and has been adopted by most other nations as standard. After the work of national mapping was assumed by the U.S. The earliest detailed surveys in the United States were made by the "Topographical Bureau of the Army", formed during the War of 1812, which became the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1838. The term "topographic surveys" appears to be American in origin. The earliest scientific surveys in France were called the Cassini maps after the family who produced them over four generations. ĭetailed military surveys in Britain (beginning in the late eighteenth century) were called Ordnance Surveys, and this term was used into the 20th century as generic for topographic surveys and maps. In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense. In classical literature this refers to writing about a place or places, what is now largely called ' local history'. The word comes from the Greek τόπος ( topos, "place") and -γραφία ( -graphia, "writing"). The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued in ancient Rome, as the detailed description of a place. It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety of cartographic relief depiction techniques, including contour lines, hypsometric tints, and relief shading. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in digital form ( DEM). Topography in a narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms this is also known as geomorphometry. In the United States, topography often means specifically relief, even though the USGS topographic maps record not just elevation contours, but also roads, populated places, structures, land boundaries, and so on. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief, but also natural, artificial, and cultural features such as roads, land boundaries, and buildings. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. JSTOR ( January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ī topographic map of Stowe, Vermont with contour lines This false-color satellite image illustrates topography of the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, with Manhattan at its center.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. If you find any bugs in this program please report me at You need to enable JavaScript to run this Website.This article needs additional citations for verification.
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